Effectiveness of Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) Synthesized Using Waste Lime Peel Extract (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) Against Bacteria Causing Nosocomial Infections
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54832/phj.v8i1.1483Keywords:
silver nanoparticles, green synthesis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, nosocomial infection, lime peel wasteAbstract
Introduction: Nosocomial infections remain a serious challenge because they increase morbidity, mortality, hospitalization length, and healthcare costs. Rising bacterial resistance to conventional antibiotics has encouraged exploration of alternative antibacterial agents. Silver nanoparticles synthesized through green methods have attracted attention because of their broad-spectrum activity, while lime peel waste offers a natural source of reducing and stabilizing compounds. Methods: This true experimental study used a post-test control group design. Silver nanoparticles were biosynthesized using lime peel waste extract and characterized by visual color change, UV-Vis spectrophotometry, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, and Scanning Electron Microscopy. Antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was evaluated in vitro by disc diffusion at concentrations of 25, 50, 75, 100, and 125 μg/mL, with controls. Data were analyzed using Shapiro-Wilk, Levene’s test, and One-Way ANOVA. Results: The biosynthesis process produced a visible color change, confirming nanoparticle formation. Characterization showed a maximum absorption peak around 380 nm, functional groups associated with phytochemical reduction and capping, and spherical particles ranging from 13 to 53 nm with an average size of 31 nm. All tested concentrations inhibited Pseudomonas aeruginosa and were classified as strong. The largest inhibition zone among nanoparticle groups was observed at 125 μg/mL (18.20 ± 0.81 mm), although levofloxacin produced the greatest inhibition. Statistical analysis showed significant differences among treatments (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Lime peel waste extract was successfully used for green synthesis of silver nanoparticles with strong antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These findings indicate potential for developing environmentally friendly antibacterial agents for nosocomial infection control
Downloads
References
Abishad, P., Vergis, J., Unni, V., Ram, V. P., Niveditha, P., Yasur, J., Juliet, S., John, L., Byrappa, K., Nambiar, P., Kurkure, N. V., Barbuddhe, S. B., & Rawool, D. B. (2022). Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles Using Lactobacillus Acidophilus as an Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Antibiofilm Agent Against Multi-drug Resistant Enteroaggregative Escherichia Coli. Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins, 14(5), 904–914. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12602-022-09961-1,
Aiswariya, K. S., & Jose, V. (2021). Photo-Mediated Facile Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Curcuma zanthorrhiza Rhizome Extract and Their In Vitro Antimicrobial and Anticancer Activity. Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials, 31(7), 3111–3124. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10904-021-01951-0
Bruna, T., Maldonado-bravo, F., Jara, P., & Caro, N. (2021). Silver Nanoparticles and Their Antibacterial Applications. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22, 1–21. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22137202
Donaliazarti. (2022). Mekanisme resistensi terhadap anti mikroba. Collaborative Medical Journal (CMJ), 5(3), 37–45. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.36341/cmj.v5i3.3274
Dung, N. T., Tam, L. T. T., Nguyet, H. M., & Lu, L. T. (2021). Silver Nanoparticles: Green Synthesis and Antibacterial Efficiency. Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology, 59(2), 214–222. https://doi.org/10.15625/2525-2518/59/2/15451
Essam, A., Maslamani, M., Salem, M., Almutairi, N., Zaila, S., Alrashedi, A. N., Almotiab, A. R., Ahmed, B., Albogami, M., Hussain, M., Arishi, A., & Abed, H. H. (2024). Nosocomial or Hospital-acquired Infections-Main Role of Nursing , Health information , Laboratory Professionals , and Health Security Workers. Journal of Ecohumanism, 3(8), 14257–14274. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.62754/joe.v3i8.6661
Fadlilah, A. R., & Gozali, D. (2022). REVIEW: PENGGUNAAN TEKNOLOGI NANOSUSPENSI PADA FORMULASI OBAT HERBAL. Farmaka, 20(1), 125–132. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24198/farmaka.v20i1.33958
Ghani, S., Rafiee, B., Bahrami, S., Mokhtari, A., Aghamiri, S., & Yarian, F. (2022). Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using the Plant Extracts of Vitex Agnus Castus L: An Ecofriendly Approach to Overcome Antibiotic Resistance. International Journal of Preventive Medicine, 13(1), 133. https://doi.org/10.4103/IJPVM.IJPVM_140_22
Girma, A., Alamnie, G., Bekele, T., Mebratie, G., Mekuye, B., Abera, B., Workineh, D., Tabor, A., & Jufar, D. (2024). Green-synthesised silver nanoparticles: antibacterial activity and alternative mechanisms of action to combat multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens: a systematic literature review. Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/17518253.2024.2412601
Khan, H. A., Baig, F. K., & Mehboob, R. (2017). Nosocomial infections: Epidemiology, prevention, control and surveillance. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 7(5), 478–482. https://doi.org/Review article http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtb.2017.01.019
Nalawati, A. N., Suyatma, N. E., & Wardhana, I. (2021). SINTESIS NANOPARTIKEL PERAK (NPAg) DENGAN BIOREDUKTOR EKSTRAK BIJI JARAK PAGAR DAN KAJIAN AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERINYA. Jurnal Teknologi Dan Industri Pangan, 32(2), 98–106. https://doi.org/10.6066/jtip.2021.32.2.98
Nurjanah, G. S., Cahyadi, A. I., & Windria, S. (2020). Kajian Pustaka : Resistensi Escherichia coli Terhadap Berbagai Macam Antibotik pada Hewan dan Manusia Indonesia. Indonesia Medicus Veterinus, 9(6), 970–983. https://doi.org/10.19087/imv.2020.9.6.970
Purwajanti, S., Nida, V., Labanni, A., Bahua, H., & Pongtuluran, O. B. (2023). Green Synthesis of Ag Nanoparticle-Decorated MgO Microspheres by Curcuma xantorrizha Extract and Its Potential Antimicrobial Activity. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1201(1), 0–11. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1201/1/012084
Rathi, S., Kumar, S., S, S., Parthasarathy, & Rangasamy, G. (2024). Innovative eco-friendly silver nanoparticles: various synthesis methods, characterization and prospective applications. Chemical Engineering Communications, 212(3), 472–507. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00986445.2024.2403117
Salam, A., Al-amin, Y., Salam, M. T., & Pawar, J. S. (2023). Antimicrobial Resistance: A Growing Serious Threat for Global Public Health. Healthcare, 11(13), 1–20. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11131946
Sartelli, M. (2022). Healthcare ‑ associated infections in the surgical setting : How to prevent and treat them. Advances in Human Biology, 12(2), 127–137. https://doi.org/10.4103/aihb.aihb
Stewart, S., Robertson, C., Kennedy, S., Kavanagh, K., Haahr, L., Manoukian, S., Mason, H., Dancer, S., Cook, B., & Reilly, J. (2021). Personalized infection prevention and control : identifying patients at risk of healthcare-associated infection. Journal of Hospital Infection, 114, 32–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2021.03.032
Tafin, S., Adriztina, I., & Kusumawati, R. L. (2024). Karakteristik Pasien Dan Profil Bakteri Serta Sensitivitas Antimikroba Pada Otitis Media Supuratif Kronik Di Rumah Sakit Nasional Guido Valadares Tersier Timor Leste. Intisari Sains Medis, 15(3), 1224–1235. https://doi.org/10.15562/ism.v15i3.2199
Urnukhsaikhan, E., Bold, B. E., Gunbileg, A., & Sukhbaatar, N. (2021). Antibacterial activity and characteristics of silver nanoparticles biosynthesized from Carduus crispus. Scientific Reports, 11, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-00520-2
Willian, N., Pardi, H., & Arief, S. (2023). Pembuatan dan Karakterisasi Nanopartikel Perak Menggunakan Ekstrak Buah Mangrove Rhizophora stylosa. ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia, 19(1), 53–60. https://doi.org/10.20961/ALCHEMY.19.1.59359.53-60
Yin, I. X., Zhang, J., Zhao, I. S., Mei, M. L., Li, Q., & Chu, C. H. (2020). The Antibacterial Mechanism of Silver Nanoparticles and Its Application in Dentistry. International Journal OfNanomedicine, 15, 2555–2562. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S246764
